The UK is facing a “perfect storm” in cyber security as attacks driven by hostile states, combined with advances in artificial intelligence (AI), create new risks to UK infrastructure, the head of the UK’s National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) will warn on Tuesday.

Hostile nation states are now directly or indirectly responsible for the majority of “nationally significant” cyber security attacks against the UK, running at an average of four per week, Richard Horne, CEO of the NCSC, is expected to say.

A combination of technological change and rising geopolitical tension is creating “tumultuous uncertainty”, as well as opportunities in cyber security, he is expected to say at the NCSC’s CyberUK conference in Glasgow.