Gaps in pay between male and female physicians persist despite the fact that the number of women in U.S. medical training programs recently lapsed that of men.

Disparities in compensation look different across specialties, regions and other demographics, but female physicians still earn 22.2% less in total compensation, about $354,000 annually, compared to $463,000 for men, according to a Marit Health report published Feb. 3.

Here are five notes of how gender pay gaps stack up across healthcare:

1. According to the Marit Health report, female physicians earn about $0.78 per $1 in total compensation and $0.80 per $1 in base salary compared to male peers.

2. Female physicians are concentrated below median physician pay, while male physicians dominate compensation levels above $500,000.

3. After controlling for specialty, hours worked, experience, geography and practice setting, women still earn about $0.93 per every $1 their male counterparts earn, leaving an unexplained 7% gap, according to the report.

4. Differences in specialty account for 48% ($0.11) of the total compensation disparity between male and female physicians.

5. Fewer than 1 in 5 physicians in specialties such as neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, cardiology and radiology are female, despite total compensation often exceeding $600,000.

6. Female physicians are overrepresented in family medicine, endocrinology, genetics and OB-GYN, where half or more of physicians are women.

7. The widest unadjusted gaps appear in infectious disease, allergy and immunology, pulmonology, orthopedic surgery and dermatology, though women out-earn men in preventive medicine and pathology.

8. Over a 30-year career, female physicians can expect to earn about $3.3 million less than male counterparts.

9. Male physicians are more likely to receive bonuses, earn a greater share of compensation from non-salary income, and report signing bonuses that average 26% higher than those of female physicians.

10. Medscape’s most recent Physician Compensation report, published April 10, found substantial pay gaps based on race. White physicians make about $8,000 more than Asian Americans, the next highest paid group and $49,000 more than Black physicians, the lowest paid group.

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